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CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF

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Judul : CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF
link : CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF

CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARAGRAPH

Paragraphs in Greek paragraphos (writing in addition to or written on the side) is a type of writing that has the purpose or idea. Beginning of the paragraph marked by the entry into a new line. Sometimes the first line is inserted, sometimes inserted without starting a new line. In some ways the beginning of the paragraph has been marked by pilcrow (¶).

A paragraph usually consists of thoughts, ideas, or main idea with supporting details that helped. Non-fiction paragraph usually begins with the general and specific moves that can be an argument or point of view. Each paragraph begins with what came before and stopped to proceed. Paragraph generally consists of three to seven sentences all belong to a single  statement. A paragraph can be as short as one word or multiple pages, and can consist of one or many sentences. When dialogue is being quoted in fiction, a new paragraph is used each time the switch is quoted.

A. Terms A Paragraph
In each paragraph should contain two important parts, namely:
1. Principal sentence
Usually placed at the beginning of the paragraph, but it can also be placed in the middle or end of the paragraph. Topic sentence is a sentence that the core of the idea or the idea of ​​a paragraph. Usually contains a statement which will be further explained by the other sentences in the form of an explanatory sentence.

2. Explanatory Sentence
Explanatory sentence is a sentence that gives additional explanations or detailed breakdown of the topic sentence of a paragraph.

B. Parts of A Good Paragraph
1. There is an interesting idea or ideas and needed to assemble the whole text.
2. Sentences with each other and relate to each other regarding reasonable.

C. Paragraph Type
Some writers like Sabarti Akhadiah, Gorys Keraf, Soedjito, and others split the paragraph into three types. Criteria they use is the nature and purpose of the paragraph. Accordingly, paragraph types are distinguished as follows:

1. Based on the nature and type of paragraphs aim
Keraf (1980:63-66) gives an explanation of the types of paragraphs based on the nature and purpose as follows!
a. Opening paragraph
Each type of essay will have the opening paragraph of the essay or deliver, or deliver the main ideas in the essay section. Therefore, by the nature of such paragraph shall attract interest and attention of the reader, and the reader can prepare the mind to what is being described . Short paragraphs are much better, because long paragraphs will only reader boredom.

b. Liaison paragraph
Connecting paragraphs is all the paragraphs contained in the opening paragraph and closing paragraph. Core issues that will be raised writing contained in these paragraphs. By Therefore, in forming paragraphs liaison should be noted that the relationship between one paragraph with another paragraph it regularly and logically arranged. Nature paragraphs liaison dependent pattern of essay types. In the essays that are descriptive, narrative, eksposisis, paragraphs that have been prepared on a logical progression. If it contains a description of disagreement, then a few paragraphs prepared as a basis or foundation for a later step to emphasize paragraphs author opinion.

c. Closing paragraph
Closing paragraph is a paragraph that is intended to end the essay or essay section. In other words, the opinion paragraph contains conclusions from what has been described in the paragraphs that the topic or theme of an essay should be kept in mind that the closing paragraphs are not too long, but it also does not mean too short. The most essential thing is that the paragraph should be a conclusion that round or actually ending the description and can cause a lot of impression to the reader.

2. Type Paragraphs Sentences Based Layout Main
Location of main sentences also determines the type of paragraph. Penjenisan paragraphs based on the location of the main sentence is based on the opinion of Sirai, et al (1985:70-71) suggests four ways of putting the main sentence in the paragraph.
a. Deductive paragraph
Paragraph begins by stating the subject matter or the main sentence. Then followed by explanatory sentences that serve to explain the main sentence. This paragraph is usually developed by the method of deductive reasoning, from the general to the specific. By placing the main idea at the beginning of the paragraph, this will allow the principal idea of ​​getting a reasonable emphasis. Such paragraphs usually called deductive paragraphs, which is located at the beginning of the main sentence paragraphs.

b. Inductive paragraph
This paragraph begins with a proposed explanation or details for then covered with the main sentence. This paragraph is developed with the method of inductive thinking, from the things that specific to the general.

c. Combined or Mixed paragraph
Topic sentence in this paragraph is placed at the beginning and end of a paragraph. In this case the last sentence contains the first sentence repetition and affirmation. Repetition is intended to further reinforce the main idea. So basically this paragraph mixture still has one main thought, instead of two. Examples of such mixtures paragraphs proposed by Keraf (1989:73): The nature of the other natural language that needs to be noted here is that every language has a system. The phrase is also special, separate each one off and not depend on others. Expression system of each language and the meaning of each language system is limited by the frame of mind of people who have a language that frame of mind that I have mentioned above. Therefore do not be disappointed if it does not distinguish Indonesian plural and singular, do not know the word in the verb system, phoneme clusters are also certain pattern, and so on. English is not familiar with "upload-ungguh". Zulu language has no word for "ox", but there is a word that means "white ox", "red bull", and so on. Technically speaking linguists say that every language has a phonological systems, grammatical systems, as well as the specific semantic patterns.

d. Without Paragraph Major Sentence
This paragraph does not have a main sentence, meaning the main idea sentence is scattered throughout the building paragraphs. This form is commonly used in the essay or narrative descriptions. Example sentence paragraphs without major: Sixty years ago, early in the morning on June 30, 1908, an unidentified bright object hovering along the arch of the sky and leaving a trail of blackish witnessed by at least a thousand people in various Central Siberi hamlet. 7 o'clock local time. Vanovara villagers watched it a fungus forming a fireball soared into the sky, followed by a thunderous explosion that sounded like thunder and up to more than 1000 km away. (Digest, Feb.1996 in Keraf, 1980:74). It is hard to find a topic sentence in the paragraph above, because the whole paragraph is descriptive or narrative. No sentence is more important than the others. Everything is equally important, and together form the unity of the paragraph.

D. Terms Establishment paragraph
A paragraph is considered qualified and effectively communicate ideas that paragraph if it supports full, meaning main thoughts and the thoughts explanatory. In addition, as with sentences, paragraphs must meet certain requirements. (Keraf, 1980:67) The requirements include:
1) Unity (Unity)
What is meant by unity (unity) is that the paragraph should clearly demonstrate an intent or a particular theme. Unity here should not be taken to mean that it only contains one thing only. A paragraph has unity may contain some things or some of the details, but all the elements had to be moved together to support a single purpose. That singular intent to convey the writer in paragraph (Keraf, 1980:67).

So unity or unity here does not mean one or a short sentence, it means that there are sentences in the paragraphs together to support the main idea that is a unified whole. Examples of eligible paragraph unity.

2) coherence (coherence)
The second condition that must be met is a paragraph that paragraph should contain a good coherence or cohesion. Good cohesion that occurs when the mutual relations between sentences that foster these paragraphs, good, fair, and easy to understand without difficulty. The reader can easily follow the author's mind, without feeling that there is something that inhibits or some sort of chasm that separates a sentence other than a sentence, do not feel leaps and distracting (Keraf, 1980:75).

Cohesion depends on the preparation of details and ideas so wide so that the reader can easily see the relationship between the -section. If a paragraph does not possess cohesion, then the reader just as if facing a group of sentences, each of which stands apart from the others, each with their own ideas, rather than a description of the integral.

In short a paragraph ang do not have a good cohesion, will confront the reader leaps with less distracting, confronts the reader with the time sequence and the fact that irregular, or the development of the main ideas with details that are not logical and is no longer oriented to the principal earlier.

Thus the sentences in a paragraph are not sentences that can stand alone. The sentences must have a reciprocal relationship, meaning that the first sentence related to the second sentence, second sentence relates to the third sentence, and so on. Coherence within a paragraph can be demonstrated by:
a. Repetition of words / groups of keywords or called reps
b. Replacement of the word / group of words or substitution
c. Repetition of words / groups of words or transition
d. Relationships implicit or omission word / group specific word or ellipsis

3) Clarity
Complete a paragraph saying, if the topic sentence is supported by a number of explanatory sentences. Of these explanatory sentences already discussed at the beginning of this paper, namely the elements of a paragraph. Explanatory sentences or supporting the main supporting these two should not really explain the main idea. How to develop the main idea into paragraphs and the relationship between the main sentence with explanatory sentence (supporting details) can be seen from the order details. The details can be sorted in time order (chronological), logical sequence, consisting of cause and effect, due to the causes, general-specific, specific-general, the sequence space (spatial), the order process, the examples and detailed circuitry facts.

E. Pattern Paragraph Development
Paragraph development includes two main issues, namely:
1. The ability to specify the main idea in a paragraph of explanatory ideas.
2. The ability to sort the ideas into ideas explanatory explanatory.

1.Paragraf Narrative
Narrative paragraph is a paragraph that tells an event or events in such a way that the reader as if the incident had himself narrated it. In a narrative paragraph, there are three main elements of the characters, events, and background of space or time.

2.Paragraf Description
Paragraph description is a paragraph that describes the types of things clearly and in detail. Pattern description paragraph development, among others, include the spatial development patterns and pattern standpoint.

3.Paragraf Exposition
Exposition paragraph is a paragraph that describes or explains a thing or object. This type of paragraph is expected that the reader can understand it or object it very clearly. To explain the problem raised, exposition paragraph using examples, charts, and various other forms of facts and data. At least there are three patterns of paragraph development exposition, by way of the process, cause and effect, as well as illustrations.

4. Paragraph Argument
Meaningful arguments 'reasons'. Argument means giving a strong and convincing reasons. Thus, the argument paragraph is a paragraph that suggests reasons, examples, and the evidence is strong and convincing. Reasons, evidence, and the like, used by writers to influence the reader to agree with, attitudes or beliefs. In some cases there are indeed some similarities between paragraphs exposition, we have learned earlier, the argument paragraph. The similarities include that both types have the same paragraph requires data and evidence convincing. However, there are also striking differences between the two

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CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN PARAGRAF