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CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PERS DAN MEDIA INFORMASI

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Judul : CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PERS DAN MEDIA INFORMASI
link : CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PERS DAN MEDIA INFORMASI

CONTOH MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG PERS DAN MEDIA INFORMASI

ROLE OF THE PRESS AND MEDIA ON THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC OPINION IN SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS INDONESIA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Talking about talking about media communication means. The media has now become a part of human life that is inseparable. Since childhood, the child is introduced to the media as a form of socialization. Every day and every moment Permits are always dealing with the media. One form of media that is closest to people's lives is the mass media. Mass media, as the name implies, can be interpreted as a media liaison or communication media between the government and the public. The public acquire all kinds of knowledge and information regarding news that happens every day through various types of media, both print and electronic, that are made by journalists. As with the press, journalists play an important role in determining the content of the media. Content of the media is very influential on the attitudes and actions of the community. One of the real form of the influence of media on society is the emergence of public opinion or public opinion in the community. Public opinion arising from case reports or certain issues in the mass media and led the audience in the act of thinking. In the end, of the press, the media, and the public who then form a public opinion on the matter would result in a loop communication system that each element of the system are interrelated to each other and a case that generated by one element will cause response or feedback from other elements.
For example, one issue that had become a hot issue in the country and lead public opinion is news feud between the KPK and the police very clearly gives an incredible impact for the community. This is not only because it involves two institutions that should provide examples of law enforcement, but also because this case has led to inter-institutional prestige. Police should feel pride and self-defense because (feel) cornered, while the Commission could become a big headache because it was supported by all elements of society. However, this feud still leaves make a complicated matter because the growing opinion in the community. Police self-defense, while the Commission is also not much different. Critical that the public would not take it for granted that news comes from the mass media. As a result then comes the public opinion in the community about the police and the KPK. When the public was more in favor of the Commission scheduled the media was more that the public should support the Commission, in other words, the media lead the public opinion that the stronger the opinion.
In addition, as a system of communication between the media and the press linkages both to the emergence of public opinion, both should have been obliged to provide information and news that is responsible, especially when the news is meant to lead public opinion that both the press and the media should be properly completely objective in making the news and without any bias whatsoever. Because sometimes with a specific bias to make the news is not objective, and when given to people who are less critical in responding to the news that the news will be seen as something that is in accordance with the glasses and the news media who write the news.
Current discussion of public opinion is becoming increasingly attractive because it involves a lot of elements and elements, as well as various factors that support. As with the case of "Cicak vs. Crocodile "who then managed to bring public opinion to support the Commission, in Indonesia, the role of the press and media influence the way people view a particular issue or case. Therefore, based on the description of these matters, the author makes an observation on this issue, the effects produced by the media to the emergence of public opinion in the hope to increase knowledge about the intricacies of the press and media either for themselves or for the author himself much . Therefore, the authors of this paper entitled "The Role of the Press and Media Against Public Opinion Formation in Space Communication Systems Indonesia".

1.2. Purpose

The purpose of writing a paper entitled "The Role of the Press and Media Against Public Opinion Formation in Space Communication Systems Indonesia" is to review more about the effects produced by the press and mass media on the formation of public opinion or public opinion in the community in view in room scope Indonesian communications systems, as well as to meet the End Semester Examination (UAS) course Introduction to Journalism Semester of 2009, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Indonesia.

1.3. Problem Formulation

In this paper, the authors wanted to know the following things:
1. How does the relationship between the press and the media in a communication system?

2. What is a news system?

3. How is the relationship between press freedom and human rights implementation?

4. What is the real meaning of public opinion?

5. How the press and the media can influence the creation of public opinion?

6. What factors can lead to the emergence of public opinion?

7. How the stages of the public opinion in the community?

1.4. Methodology

In this paper, the authors use the method of literary study. Thus the data obtained from various literature sources, both print and media references online, which is the main reference in the writing.

1,5. Systematics Writing

This paper assembled into three chapters. In general, the chapters are arranged in the main points of discussion as follows:

I. CHAPTER I: Introduction

1.1. Background

1.2. Purpose

1.3. Problem Formulation

1.4. Methodology

1,5. Systematics Writing

II. CHAPTER II: Discussion

2.1 The Role of Media in the Press and Communication Systems Indonesia
System Release 2.2

2.3. Freedom of the Press As Human Rights Implementation Embodiment

2.4. Definition and Development of Public Opinion in Public

III. CHAPTER III: Closing

3.1. Conclusion

3.2. Suggestion

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1. The Role of Media in the Press and Communication Systems Indonesia

At the beginning of the discussion section, the writer will explain the relationship between the press and media in Indonesian communication systems. However, before discussing the role of the press and media of course we need to know the definition or penegertian of Indonesian communications systems. First, discuss the Indonesian communications systems are definitely talking about the system. There are many definitions of systems. In Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) mentioned that the system is a set of elements related to each other on a regular basis so as to form a totality. Other definitions of the systems mentioned by M. Tatang Amirin (1996), which is a set of elements, which compose the scheme or activity or perform a procedure for processing activities to achieve something or some goals and this is done by processing the data and / or items (objects) in a period of time in order to produce information and / or energy and / or items (objects).

Thus, if the communication associated with the communication system can be defined as a group of people, guidance, and media are doing an activity to process, store, their ideas, the idea of ​​a symbol, a symbol of a message in the decision to reach an agreement and mutual understanding of each other by processing the message into resources.

According Nurudin (2005), if the definition is used as a tool to observe the world of newspapers, for example, can be defined as a group of people, tools, machines, facilities working process of a news / other information to process them into sheets of paper in order to produce information that has been planned at the time of the subscription needs it.

Thus, if summarized, in a communication system definition or at least there is always at least:
1. A set of elements (journalists, employees, computers, machinery, goods, books, papers, and other facilities).

2. System goals (spreading information on the audience, forming a positive image in the public relations and persuasion).

3. Result of activities or processes form the system for a certain period (the print media., Internal publication, press release).

4. Data processing and / or energy and / or materials (in the form of news items 5W1H, how processed into a straight news story or depth news, columns, editorials, articles, fact finding, and others).

By looking at the above definition and example, something called when the system has the characteristics of at least the following:

1. The existence of interdependence, meaning that the components are interrelated, interacting,

and overall. No operation of an element will affect the performance of other elements.
2. Output (output) of a system in accordance and consistent with the objectives that have been planned.
3. Unity of existence (totality) of a system is affected by its components, otherwise the existence of each component was influenced by his force.

4. As an entity that has inputs (input) and output (output) or a particular purpose.
From the above definitions and explanations in mind that one thing that characterizes and simultaneously important in a system is the interdependence, the output to suit the purpose, the unity between elements, as well as the inputs and outputs. In conjunction with the press and media, of course we can see this link. Press and media is one example of a form of communication system. Both the press and media, the two are closely related to one another, each That is, the press would not exist without the help of the media and so does the media would not be alive without the presence of the press. Both also have a clear goal in producing its output ¬. The press is considered as the fourth pillar of democracy aims and duty to seek and tell the truth (telling the truth) in accordance with the principles and ethics of journalism, while the media served as a means or medium to convey what was reported by the press to the public. Media and journalism should be objective in all things, but objectivity is not the goal. Objectivity is a discipline in verifying because that figure is expected truth value.
As two interrelated elements in the communication system, the press and the media have a great responsibility to the public to broadcast news in accordance with the ethics and values ​​of truth. This is because everything that was reported by the press in the media will lead to public opinion in the community. Public opinion is growing increasingly become an issue and is then referred to as public opinion. Growing public opinion in society is the result of the interpretation of the news or issues raised in the media that comes from the press. Public opinion can be a positive thing, but it could also be something negative. However, before discussing more about public opinion, the authors will describe the system and its association with the press freedom of the press as a form of human rights implementation.

2.2. System Releases

Press system is a subsystem of the communication system. This system has its own characteristics compared with other systems, such as management information systems and communication systems in the organization. The most important element in the system is the news media, both print and electronic. Function of mass media to influence the attitudes and behavior of people, including in terms of shaping public opinion. Through the media, people can approve and reject government policies. Through a range of innovative media or updates also can be implemented by the community.  Marshall Mc Luhan said that the media as the extensions of man (the media are extensions of human). In other words, the media is an extension and expansion of human physical and spiritual abilities (F. Rafhmadi, 1990). Various desires, aspirations, opinions, attitudes human feelings can be disseminated through the press. Sosialiasai policy on the increase or decrease in the price of fuel oil (BBM) or raise civil servants (PNS) who need to know quickly by the public, do not need to be done face-to-face communication. Governments simply do a press release to the media or invite journalists to a press conference. In a short time injformasi it will spread to the community.
Quoting Wilbur Schramm (1973), can not be denied to the public, the press can be considered as an observer, forums, and teachers (watcher, forums, and teacher). That is, every day the press reports, reviews of events, providing a place (forum) for people of all generations. In other words, the press observed the incident and report it to the community, be a "discussion" (out ideas or ideas and respond to it) and the ability to educate the public in the direction of progress (press gives science as well as directing people to renewal). Then, the press also has a two-sided position. First, press the oldest communication medium compared with other mediums. Second, the press as a social institution or social institutions is an integral part of society and not a foreign element or separately (F. Rachmadi, 1990).

2.3. Freedom of the Press As Human Rights Implementation Embodiment

If we talk about freedom of the press means we implicitly also talked about human rights (Human Rights). The reason is because the freedom of the press freedom originated from human communication (human communication). Communication requires human freedom can not exist without communication (one can not not communicate). At least, the same communication needs with human needs to eat, drink, and shelter from the cold, heat, and rain. Therefore, communication is a human rights, as well as live (to live) for humans is human. The right to communicate with the right to life. Freedom to seek and receive information is a human right as well because information is an integral part of human communication.
The presence of the press in communication between people (in 1445) is a phenomenon of communication and information technology advances. By using the press range communication (messaging) to be broad, deep, reaching many people (receiving message) and the message became more accepted by society because it was written (printed) so it is more clear. The presence of the press increases the ability of humans to communicate.
When the press is present in the life of any human rights communications widened to mass communication channels. Freedom of communication that was to follow the stages of communication and information technology advances. In the end this time the freedom of communication as a human right has entered the virtual world called cybercommunication information. Result was very dramatic. Old signs instantly became ancient objects (archaid) and virtually useless (Futile) according to a seminar organized by the Asian Institute of Development Communication (AIDCOM) in Kuala Lumpur in November 1997 which was hosted by A. Muis author of the book "Indonesia in the Era of Virtual Worlds: Information Technology in a World Without Borders".  However, the converse does not apply absolute freedom. This is because all people have the right to freely communicate for the sake of the continuation of life. Thus, freedom of communication is limited by the freedom of communication as well. Because the press is an integral part of communication between human beings, freedom of the press must be subject to the guidelines and ethics laws, but the legal restrictions should not be ban against freedom reporting (pre-public penalty), such as censorship, banning, SIT, press license, and the like because it is a violation of human rights.

2.4. Definition and Development of Public Opinion in Public

Before discussing more about public opinion, the author will the definition of public opinion first. From various references to public opinion, it turns out many definitions of public opinion as much as the number of writers on public opinion itself.  Said public opinion consists of two elements, namely words and public opinion. Simply stated, opinions are opinions, ideas, or ideas that humans of an event or events that he has seen or known, while the general public understanding is a group of individuals in large numbers, while some experts may be obtained from some insight as follows:

1. Public are a number of people who are united in one bond and have the same stance on a social issue (Emery Bogardus).

2. Public is a group of people who (1) are faced with a problem, (2) share the opinion on the way of solving the problem, (3) engage in discussions on the matter (Herbert Blumer).
Then when the united public opinion and shape public opinion terms, basically means a growing opinion due to the influence of the news media. According to Machiavelli who first used the term public opinion, also known as public opinion, the book Discourses, he stated that a wise person would not ignore public opinion on certain issues, such as the distribution of positions and promotions. However, like most writers, he then considers that the term is already well known and understood so that does not need to be defined.  Then the next opinion about public opinion or public opinion expressed by James Madison. James Madison wrote that public opinion or public opinion is the real sovereignty (sovereign estate) in each independent state, because its leaders can not know or follow any of the majority, but because of the mass of the opinion set boundaries that can not be exceeded policy makers (policymakers) are responsible answered. Madison also immediately see that the political parties are loose and centralized nature can muster - "aggregating" - a variety of opinions and therefore provide the primary means to keep the leaders remain within acceptable limits public.  However, modern studies of public opinion may have been started since the publication of the Public Opinion and Popular Government works of A. Loweel Lawrence in 1919 and the work of Walter Lippman's Public Opinion in 1922. The authors of the 1920s and 1930s, by relying on concepts and new materials organized proposed by psychologists and sociologists, has developed quite a lot of theories and hypotheses. General opinion given lectures at various universities in the United States by political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, and journalists.
Then another expert opinion, Leonard W. Doob in the book Public Opinion and Propaganda said that the public opinion referring to the attitude of the people on an issue if they are members of the same social group. David Truman stated, consists of public opinion on the opinion of a group of individuals who together constitute society they were discussing. It does not include all the individual opinion, but only related to issues or circumstances Yanga define them as a society. Thus, based on the opinion of experts, it can be a general understanding that public opinion is complex preferences expressed certain number of people on issues related to public interest (Bernard Hennessy, 1981).

Now the development of public opinion that is relevant if it is associated with problems in Indonesia today is the case of "Cicak vs. Crocodile "that could attract the attention of the wider community. The feud between the Chief of Police, with Seed Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah is reported in various media ultimately shape public opinion in the community. Various series of events between "Cicak vs. Crocodiles "is quite complex and then was widely reported by the media thoroughly (print and electronic). The series of events was later followed by the opinions that are built based on the facts from opinion sources. When then those opinions reported by the mass media and their influence to the readers, viewers or listeners then this is called public opinion (public opinion).

Public opinion is a growing opinion because of the influence of the news media, although there are also public opinion that could be built instead of the mass media, but the media has the power to strengthen and accelerate the spread of an opinion. Public opinion in this case could be caused by two things, the planned (planned opinion) and is not planned (unplanned opinion). Planned public opinion given the fact that there really is a specific plan that the mass media in order to spread public opinion. He has the organization, performance and targets are clear. For example, the opinion deliberately created by certain political elites that Pancasila is the source of all sources of law. This idea is expressed in the mass media incessantly with careful planning. Meanwhile, public opinion does not appear by itself without any planned engineering. Media simply load an event occurring, then discussed in the community. In this position, just scheduled a media event and proclaimed it. Events or cases discussed in the media and then became a public discussion because the public considers important issues to be discussed. Because the talk of the community, the media and then gives specific emphasis on an issue and he finally became public opinion.

See what happens with the case of "Cicak vs. Crocodile "resulting in great support from the public to the Commission, we can see that the effect of public opinion which is the influence of the mass media is remarkable. However, the real process of public opinion is not a short process. The emergence of public opinion in the community through a variety of processes that are not easy. Ferdinand Tonnies (Nurudin, 2001: 56-57) in his book Die Offentlichen Meinung been revealed that public opinion is formed through three stages: first, die luftartigen position. At this stage, public opinion is still chaotic as hurricanes. Each side expressed his opinion based on their knowledge, interests, experience and other factors to support the creation of opinion.
Second, die fleissigen position. At this stage, public opinion had already shown more clearly in the direction of the conversation and can be considered that those opinions begin to clump together in a particular direction is clear. That is, already leading, which would dominate the majority opinion and a minority opinion which will sink. Third, die festigen position. At the third stage, public opinion has shown that the talks and discussions have been steady and an opinion has been formed and is ready to be revealed. In other words, be ready to believe the truth after a debate and difference of opinion earlier.

Then, after a public opinion is created in society would produce a certain effect on these populations. In the current era of reform or can be said as the era of "freedom", each one demanding all sorts of freedom to be had. The press as one of the pillars of democracy was sometimes unwittingly apply demanding all the freedom, in this case the freedom of information and disseminate information. After getting the news, the press and then put all sorts of information obtained in the media. Media later distributed and consumed by the public. Eventually all things that exist in all forms of media set the public views and thoughts about which suits or particular cases. The media was unwittingly proclaim things like what is desired by the public.

As a metaphor, in the world of marketing (marketing), Seth Godin in his book All Marketers Are Liars said that the function is telling marketers what consumers actually want to hear, and not the reverse, namely to persuade consumers as far imagined. Similarly, the formation of public opinion. The formation of public opinion through the media in many ways is not much different. The media is educating the public, but more geared toward desired by the community itself.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

Based on the descriptions that have been the author pointed out in the discussion chapter, in this chapter the author would like to express some conclusions. In addition, to further refine this paper, the authors also want to express some advice.

3.1. Conclusion

As the two elements of inter-related elements in the communication system, the press and the media have a great responsibility to the public to broadcast news in accordance with the ethics and values ​​of truth. Although communication is a form of human rights, freedom of communication do not apply absolutely. This is because all people have the right to freely communicate for the sake of the continuation of life. Therefore, freedom of communication is limited by the freedom of communication as well. Because the press is an integral part of communication between human beings, freedom of the press must be subject to the guidelines and ethics laws. If media expose a certain news or cases continuous and ongoing, from the news may appear a public opinion in the community.

Public opinion or public opinion is growing in society is the result of the interpretation of the news or issues raised by the media that comes from the press. Public opinion can be positive, but it could also be something negative. Public opinion can be caused by two things, which are planned (planned opinion) and is not planned (unplanned opinion). However, the formation of public opinion through the media basically more geared toward that desired by the community itself.

3.2. Suggestion

1. The press and the media should keep to the principles and ethics of journalism in creating and spreading the word. Should not be biased in making the news (not objective) because everything reported in the media to shape public opinion on a particular issue or case.
2. Freedom of the press should not be the reason for the creation and dissemination of news that does not pay attention to the rules of journalism.

3. As one of the pillars of democracy, the press should be able to control public opinion that is created in the community and the opinion lead to a solution or a solution of a case or issue being discussed.

4. Society must remain critical in reading and responding to all news published in the media. People should not take it for granted directly what is written by the media because there is always the possibility that the news published is not objective.
5. People should not just focus on one particular type of media, but should look at other media as a comparison against the accuracy of the contents of the news media in the making.

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